The PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately.
>>The first stage is one of the largest solid-fuel rocket boosters in the world and carries 138 tonnes of Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) bound propellant with a diameter of 2.8 m.
The motor case is made of maraging steel. The booster develops a maximum thrust of about 4,430 kN. Six strap-on motors, four of which are ignited on the ground, augment the first stage thrust. Each of these solid propellant strap-on motors carries nine tonnes of HTPB propellant and produces 677 kN thrust.
>>The second stage employs the Vikas engine and carries 41.5 tonnes (40 tonnes till C-5 mission) of liquid propellant –
--Unsymmetrical Di-Methyl Hydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and
--Nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidizer.
It generates a maximum thrust of 800 kN (724 till C-5 mission).
>>The third stage uses 7 tonnes of HTPB-based solid propellant and produces a maximum thrust of 324 kN. It has a Kevlar-polyamide fiber case and a submerged nozzle equipped with a flex-bearing-seal gimbaled nozzle thrust. .
For roll control it uses the RCS (Reaction Control System) of fourth stage.
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